The occupational structure can be defined as the distribution or division of workers according to different occupations. There are at least ten occupational categories existing in Karnataka as per the Census of India report, 1991-2021. These include cultivators, agricultural labourers, livestock, forestry, fishing and allied activities, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, and processing in household industry, manufacturing and processing other than in household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport, storage, and communication; other services in both private or state owned1, 2, 3.

The Present study is based on Secondary source data to describe occupational changes, a meaningful cartographic presentation of all aspects. The secondary data collected from various reports, article, and books. The data analysis was done on computers with the help of various statistical packages including the software (SPSS), excel and ArcGIS. Descriptive statistics and cross stratification data is used for building the information data from 1991 to 2011.

The occupational structure of any country is defined by the segment at a country’s population that is engaged in economic ventures and various professions to define occupational structure more simply. The different demographic sections of a stat who are employed in different sectors like among many others constitute the occupational structure of a state. Population plays an important role in depicting the occupation changes. Population growth from the year 1991-2011 can be seen in the Table 1 and Figure 2.

The above graph and table show how the population has grown in Karnataka from 1991 to 2011. In 1991 the population growth was 21.12% and in 2001 it was 17.51% and by 2011 it reached 15.60%. The importance of population is seen between 1991-2011. Through the map we can see the changes in the population in 1991. Karnataka consists of 19 districts in which Bengaluru is having the highest population (4839162) and least population in Kodagu (488455). In 2001 Karnataka consisted of 26 districts. Bengaluru is having the highest population and Kodagu was having the lowest compared to 1991. From the year 1991 to 2011 Bengaluru had the highest population and Kodagu had the lowest population. This can be shown through the Arc GIS Karnataka bar graph (Figure 3 ).

The Table 2 and Figure 4 show the percentage of primary, secondary and tertiary employment in Karnataka from 1991 to 2011. In 1991 primary activity was high whereas secondary and tertiary activity was low. Even in 2001, it can be seen that primary activity has increased but compared to 1991 primary activity has decreased and secondary, tertiary activity has increased. Overall, primary occupation has decreased over the three decades, while secondary and tertiary occupation has increased.

The bar graph map of Karnataka (Figure 5 ) shows how primary occupation has changed district wise over three decades. In 1991 primary occupation was higher in all districts of Karnataka and in 2001 and 2011 the same primary occupation was low. It shows an ascending to descending order in primary occupation over three decades.

The below Karnataka map (Figure 6) shows the district-wise distribution of secondary occupation from 1991 to 2011. It can be seen that secondary employment has gradually increased in these three decades. In 1991 secondary occupation is not found in all districts of Karnataka but it can be seen that secondary occupation is high in all districts of Karnataka for 2001 and 2011. It shows the development of Karnataka districts.

The below map of Karnataka (Figure 7) shows that tertiary occupation was mostly increased in 2011 in all districts of Karnataka during these 30 years. In 1991, tertiary occupation was found in only five districts in Karnataka namely Bengaluru, Belgaum, Gulbarga and Mysore. In 2001 tertiary occupation was found in some other districts such as Mysore, Dharwad, Bidar, Uttar Kannada, Mandya etc. The above map shows tertiary occupation in all districts of Karnataka in 2011. Districts like Bengaluru, Belgaumm, Chithradurga have the highest tertiary occupation.

The present analysis discusses changes in the workforce participation structure, occupational structure at the state level. With economic development there has been a positive change/shift in occupational structure in Karnataka from primary to secondary and to tertiary sector. There has been a decline in the percentage of population dependent on agriculture, increase in the percentage of population dependent on industry and increase in the percentage of population dependent on services.

The growing importance of non-agricultural sector in the India is due to numerous factors: flow of FDI and domestic investment primarily in the secondary and tertiary sectors of the district, modernization of the industries with the use of labour-saving techniques in production, privatization of public sector undertakings, growing importance of capital based exports, policies of international institutions like WTO, World Bank, IMF and others, declining importance of small and cottage industries and changing cultural values. Thus, the above analysis shows that what is true for global trends is also the same for Karnataka with respect to changes in workforce participation and occupational structure.

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