Dd is a fluvial dissection degree that is influenced by a variety of factors, including erosion resistance, infiltration capacity, vegetation cover, surface roughness and run-off intensity index, as well as climatic conditions (Ahmed et al., 2010; Langbein; W.B., 1947; Soni, 2017) The drainage density of the study area is 1.01 Km-1 while among the 8 sub watersheds, the drainage density ranges from 0.96 to 1.08 Km-1 which indicate a low drainage density. The low drainage density results low overflow land, lesser amount of tributaries, more infiltration and more ground water storage. Heserghetta has the lowest drainage density of 0.96 km-1 whereas Suvarnamukhi has the highest drainage density in the watershed which is 1.08 km - 1.

Stream frequency is associated with lithological features. “The no. of stream segments per unit area is named as Stream Frequency ( Fs)” (Smith, 1950). Higher SF values indicate less resistant rocks, which could contribute to increased erosion in the basin (Das et al., 2016). The stream frequency for this analysis is 0.67.Total Stream frequency is 0.67km-2. The stream frequency for the sub-watersheds ranges from 0.64-0.73 Km-2.

The total stream divisions of all orders in the study area per watershed perimeter are known as drainage texture. The underlying lithology, infiltration potential, and relief aspect of the landscape, as well as natural factors such as climate, vegetation, rock, and soil, relief forms and stage of growth, altogether influence drainage texture. (Smith, 1950) divided drainage texture into five categories: very coarse (class 2), coarse (2–4), moderate (4–6), good (6–8), and very fine (>8). Because of the higher slope, very fine drainage texture reflects higher erosion rates besides fewer probabilities for groundwater recharge. The Drainage texture of whole Arkavathi watershed is 5.76 which are moderate. The drainage texture of the sub watershed ranges from 1.08 in suvarnamukhi sub watershed to 3.11 in Harobole.

"Horton defines the Ff form factor as a watershed area ( A) square dimensionless ratio to watershed length ( L)." Because of the steeper slope, the minute drainage texture reflects greater erosion rates besides fewer opportunities for groundwater restoration. Watersheds with a higher form factor are circular with high peak flows for a shorter period of time, while elongated watersheds with lower form factor values have low peak flows for a longer period of time. For the current study area is having low value form factor which is 0.16.

where, Ff is the form factor, (Lb)2 is the total length of watershed and A is the total area of watershed.

The form factor of sub-watersheds ranges from 0.13 to 0.52. The analysis shows that the sub watersheds are more or less elongated.

The circularity ratio is a number that ranges from 0 (in line) to 1 (out of line) (in a circle). The Rc of the watershed is 0.22 while those of the 8 sub watersheds varies from 0.03 to 0.37. The higher the value, the higher is the circularity ratio. It is an important ratio that specifies a watershed's dendritic stage. The circularity ratio was found to be 0.33 in a recent study.

where, Rc = Circularity ratio, A = Watershed area and P2 = Perimeter of watershed

“The elongation ratio is the ratio of the diameter of a circle with the same area as the watershed to the basin's maximum length” (Schumm, 1956). “ Re ranges from 0 (in a highly elongated shape) to unity (1.0) (in circular shape)” (Kumar & Chaudhary, 2016). Smaller form factor specifies that the study area is elongated.

ReFor the entire watershed is 0.45 however in the 8 sub watersheds the value varies from 0.41 to 0.82. It demonstrates that the Arkavathi watershed has an elongated shape.

where, Re = Elongation ratio, L = Total length of watershed and A = Total area of watershed.

Gravelius states that (1914), a watershed's coefficient is the ratio of the watershed's perimeter to the circumference of a circular area. The Cc is unaffected by the size of the watershed and is only affected by the slope.

Cc = 0.2821 ( P/ A0.5)

where, Cc(Horton, 1945) =Compactness Coefficient 0.2821= Constant value, P = Perimeter and A= Basin area.

The value of Cc in the Arkavathi watershed ranges from 1.06 to 2.32 among all the 8 sub watersheds. Whereas the overall value of Cc of Arkavathi watershed is 2.13.

The Lof is the distance that water travels over land until it is concentrated into specific stream channels. Overland flow length is equal to half the inverse of drainage density. (Horton, 1945)is a term used to describe the time it takes for water to flow across the ground until it condenses into specific stream channels (Chorley, 1995). Dd in calculating Length of overland flow must be in km/km2. Amount of rain, infiltration rate, soil conditions, vegetation, and other factors all affect the length of an overland flow (Prakash et al., 2016). The three classes of Lg are low (< 0.2), medium (0.2 – 0.3), and high (>0.3). A high value of Lg results moderate slopes besides lengthy flow paths maximum infiltration, and low runoff (Vinutha, 2014).

Among the sub watersheds it varies from 0.48 km (Hesarghatta sub watershed) to 0.54 km (Suvarnamukhi sub watershed). The length of the overland flow of the whole watershed is 0.51 km which means the Lg has a high value with gentle slopes and long flow paths.

The elevation variance among the furthermost point on the water divide line besides the watershed's discharge point is known as watershed relief. The elevation variation among the mouth and the highest point on the perimeter which is stated in meters is known as watershed relief.

H= (Difference in elevation of the watershed's highest point) - (Difference in elevation of the watershed's outlet)

The highest relief is at an elevation of 1397 mtrs above MSL at Heserghetta sub watershed. The lowest relief was found at Harobole, which is 279 meters above sea level. The watershed's total relief was estimated to be 1118 mtrs.

It's the proportion of the basin's total relief to its longest dimension parallel to the main drainage line. It's the ratio of stream length to relief. It's the ratio of watershed’s stream length to relief (Kumar & Chaudhary, 2016).

Relief ratio was described by (Schumm, 1956) as the ratio of total watershed relief to the maximum length of the watershed. The relief ratio came out to be0.006. For the study area, the relief ratio values vary from 0.018 (Harobole sub watershed) to 0.006 (TG Halli Sub watershed).

According to (Strahler, 1957), the ruggedness number is calculated by multiplying the watershed relief by the drainage density. In the watershed area, higher values of the ruggedness number indicate that both relief and drainage density are increased Watersheds with a low ruggedness rating are less susceptible to soil erosion and have more technical complexity in relation to relief and drainage density. The ruggedness number value for the watersheds ranges from 248.88 (TG Halli sub watershed) to 806.49 (Harobole sub watershed). The ruggedness number for the whole watershed is 1129.18.

It is calculated by the equation,

Rn = R×Dd

where, Rn = Ruggedness number, R = Watershed relief (km) and Dd = Drainage density km/Km.

Relative relief is well-defined as ratio of overall watershed relief to watershed perimeter. By the equation, it comes out to be 280.18.

where, Rr= Relative relief, H = Maximum relief (km) and P = Perimeter (km)